Accounting, reports and revenue recognition
The accountant's chapter: books, ledgers, manual vouchers and maker-checker, bill-wise settlement, month-end and year-end, consolidated reports, and revenue recognition with its policy, cost budgets, runs and disclosures.
10. Accounting, reports and revenue recognition
Every demand, receipt, RERA sweep, escrow withdrawal, payout and cancellation in the earlier chapters posts a voucher into the promoter company's books; this chapter is where the accountant works with those books directly. It covers the chart and ledgers, manual vouchers with maker-checker, bill-wise settlement, the month-end review and the year-end close, the reports, and revenue recognition: the CA's policy, the cost budgets, the monthly revenue runs and the Ind AS 115 disclosures.
Before you start
01. Set up the organization for the books themselves, and 07. Collect and 08. Pay out for the system vouchers you will see in the ledger. Revenue recognition needs the CA's decisions on framework, method and cost treatment before the policy is recorded; read Revenue recognition with them first.
In this chapter
- Set up the books for a promoter company: Revisit the books setup: voucher series, fiscal year and the chart copy.
- Bring forward opening balances: Bring forward the balances from Tally or the earlier books.
- Add a ledger, a party ledger or a standard ledger for every entity: Add an ordinary ledger, a party ledger, or a standard ledger to every entity.
- Record a manual voucher: Enter a vendor bill, bank charge, TDS challan, contra or journal by hand.
- Post a draft voucher (maker-checker): As the checker, review and post the drafts an accountant saved.
- Settle bills bill-wise: Pay or receive against a particular open bill with an Against Ref allocation.
- Reverse a posted voucher or discard a draft: Correct a posted voucher with its mirror image, or discard a draft.
- Review the month and lock the period: Read the day book, check the trial balance and key ledgers, lock the period.
- Close a fiscal year: Review the year, open the next one, clear drafts and close.
- See the group position across promoter entities: See the group position across every promoter company.
- Set the revenue policy and prepare the chart for it: Record the CA's revenue choices as a dated policy and prepare the chart for it.
- Set a project's cost budget: Give the project a cost centre and an effective-dated cost budget so cost of sales can be shared.
- Prepare, review and post a revenue run: The monthly revenue close: prepare, review and post the run.
- Reverse a posted revenue run: Undo the latest posted run.
- Recognise rehab units as non-cash consideration: Treat rehab flats as non-cash consideration when the CA takes that view.
- Fiscal years: Years, periods, locks and the year-end close.
- Opening balances: The brought-forward balances, typed in one table.
- Chart of accounts: Groups: The reporting groups under the five classes.
- Ledgers: Every ledger of the chosen books, as a tree or a list.
- Organization templates (Chart templates): The organization's master chart from which each set of books is copied.
- Voucher types: The numbering series per kind of voucher.
- Vouchers: Drafts, posted, reversed and cancelled vouchers.
- New voucher: Enter a manual voucher with lines and bill allocations.
- Voucher: One voucher with its lines, reversal links and history.
- Edit voucher draft: Change a draft before it is posted.
- Outstanding bills: Open bills on bill-wise ledgers and what is still outstanding.
- Ledger report: One account between two dates with a running balance.
- Day book: Every posted voucher in a date range.
- Trial balance: Opening, movement and closing of every ledger or group.
- Period balances: The stored month-by-month balances of one ledger, with the rebuild action.
- Ageing: Receivables and payables by how overdue they are.
- Profit & loss: Income against expense for a range.
- Balance sheet: Assets against liabilities and equity as of a date.
- Consolidated: One view across every active set of books.
- Revenue policy: The CA's effective-dated choices on revenue and cost.
- Budget Cost: The project's or tower's estimated total cost, effective-dated.
- Revenue runs: The period closes of the chosen books and the dialog that prepares one.
- Revenue run: One period close: what each booking recognises and the journals it posts.
- Contract balances: The Ind AS 115 contract-balances disclosure per project.
- Remaining obligation: Revenue still to come from what is already booked.
- Project performance: Revenue, cost of sales and margin per project.
- Fiscal years, periods, locks, opening balances and the year-end close: Years, periods, locks and opening balances.
- The chart of accounts: templates, books copies, nature and system rows: Templates, books copies, nature and system rows.
- Vouchers, reversals and system vouchers: The only way an amount enters the ledger: drafts, posting, reversals and system vouchers.
- Numbers and series: documents, bookings, demands, payments and vouchers: Voucher and revenue run numbering.
- Party ledgers, bill-wise tracking and ageing: Bill-wise ledgers, Against Ref and ageing.
- Books, the active books switcher and cost centres: One set of books per promoter company and the active books switcher the reports follow.
- Revenue recognition: policy, point in time vs over time, and revenue runs: Policy, point in time against over time, and what a revenue run posts.
- Contract liability, contract asset and the transaction price: Contract liability, contract asset and the transaction price.
- Cost of sales, cost budgets and inventory transfer: Cost budgets, work-in-progress and the inventory transfer each run makes.
- Contract acquisition costs (capitalised brokerage): Capitalised brokerage under a policy that allows it.
- Significant financing component: The Ind AS 115 judgement when buyers pay well ahead of possession.
- Rehab units as non-cash consideration: Rehab flats as the price paid for development rights.
What comes next
Revenue runs and the other periodic runs can be scheduled in 11. Automate. Changes to the TDS rate, the RERA escrow share or the cancellation policy are recorded as dated rules in 12. Administer.
Related
- Set up the books for a promoter companyHow-to
Create the set of books a promoter company keeps, mirror its projects as cost centres, check the voucher numbering series and the component mappings, and connect the project's bank accounts to their ledgers so demands, receipts and payouts can be posted.
- Bring forward opening balancesHow-to
Type the balances a promoter company brings from Tally or its earlier books into the start of a fiscal year, check that debits equal credits, save them, and refresh the period balances.
- Add a ledger, a party ledger or a standard ledger for every entityHow-to
Add an ordinary ledger to one set of books, find or create the bill-wise ledger of a person, company or society member, or add a ledger template so every set of books gets the same ledger.
- Record a manual voucherHow-to
Enter a voucher by hand (a vendor bill, a bank charge, a TDS challan, a transfer between banks, a journal adjustment): choose its type, fill the header and the debit and credit lines, allocate bill-wise lines, and save it as a draft or post it.
- Post a draft voucher (maker-checker)How-to
As the checker, find the drafts an accountant has saved, review one, and post it so it gets its number and reaches the ledger.
- Settle bills bill-wiseHow-to
Pay or receive against a particular open bill on a bill-wise ledger with an Against Ref allocation, park money that has no bill yet as Advance or On Account, and check the result on Outstanding bills and the Ageing report.
- Reverse a posted voucher or discard a draftHow-to
Correct a posted voucher by posting its mirror image (a reversal), or set aside a draft you won't post by cancelling or deleting it.
- Review the month and lock the periodHow-to
At month end, read the day book for the month, check that the trial balance is balanced, check key ledgers such as the bank, cross-check the period balances, and then lock the month on the books' Fiscal years tab so nothing more posts into it.
- Close a fiscal yearHow-to
Review the year's profit and loss and balance sheet, open the next year, clear the draft vouchers, then close the year so income and expenses move into Profit & Loss Account and the closing balances become the next year's opening balances.
- See the group position across promoter entitiesHow-to
Use the Consolidated report to add up every active set of books in the organization, one per promoter company, by template ledger or group, optionally for one nature or one project, and export it.
- Set the revenue policy and prepare the chart for itHow-to
Record the CA's revenue recognition choices for a set of books as an effective-dated policy, set an organization-wide default or a project override where needed, and prepare the chart, cost centres, cost budgets and construction stages the revenue runs read.
- Set a project's cost budgetHow-to
Give the project a cost centre in the promoter's books, then enter its estimated construction and land cost on the Budget cost card on the Settings tab, from a date, so cost of sales and cost-based progress have a budget to work from; revise it with a new dated row.
- Prepare, review and post a revenue runHow-to
The monthly revenue close: prepare a draft revenue run for a period end, read what each booking and member offer would recognise, fix what holds lines back, post the run's journals, and check the contract balances and the balance sheet.
- Reverse a posted revenue runHow-to
Undo the latest posted revenue run of a set of books: every journal it posted is mirrored, the run becomes Reversed, and the next run starts again from the run before it.
- Recognise rehab units as non-cash considerationHow-to
For a redevelopment project whose CA treats the flats given to society members as the price of the development rights: switch the policy on, record the agreement date and the fair value of the rights on the project, and let the revenue runs book the rights and the rehab revenue.
- Fiscal yearsScreen
The fiscal years of a set of books with their 12 monthly periods: lock or unlock a month, open the next year, and close or reopen a year at year end.
- Opening balancesScreen
The balances brought forward into a fiscal year, one amount and side per ledger, typed in one table and saved as a whole, with running debit and credit totals.
- Chart of accounts: GroupsScreen
The reporting groups of the chosen set of books as a tree under the five classes (asset, liability, equity, income, expense); add your own groups and delete empty ones.
- LedgersScreen
Every ledger of the chosen set of books, as a grouped tree or a flat list, with the actions to add ledgers and party ledgers, edit or retire them, and open a ledger's report.
- Organization templates (Chart templates)Screen
Your organization's master chart of accounts, from which every new set of books is copied: group templates, ledger templates and the default ledger per charge component.
- Voucher typesScreen
The voucher numbering series of a set of books, one per kind of voucher: add a series, or change its prefix, suffix, digits and whether it restarts each fiscal year.
- VouchersScreen
Every voucher in the chosen set of books (drafts, posted, reversed and cancelled), with filters and the menu to start a new voucher.
- New voucherScreen
Enter a manual voucher (receipt, payment, journal, contra, sales, purchase, credit note or debit note) with its lines and bill allocations, and save it as a draft or post it straight away.
- VoucherScreen
One voucher with its lines and bill allocations, its reversal links, its history, and the actions to post, reverse, cancel or delete it.
- Edit voucher draftScreen
Change a draft voucher's details, lines and bill allocations before it is posted, then save it or post it.
- Outstanding billsScreen
The bills on bill-wise ledgers of the chosen books: what each bill was for, how much has been settled, what is still outstanding and how overdue it is.
- Ledger reportScreen
The ledger of one account between two dates: opening balance, every posting with a running balance, and closing balance, with CSV export.
- Day bookScreen
Every posted voucher line in a date range as a paged grid you can sort, resize and filter by column, with totals for what the filters match and CSV export.
- Trial balanceScreen
Opening, period debit and credit and closing per ledger or per group for a fiscal-year range, on a grid you can sort, resize and filter by column, with the report's totals in the footer and CSV export.
- Period balancesScreen
The stored month-by-month opening, movement and closing of one ledger, used as a cross-check, with the action to rebuild it for the whole set of books.
- AgeingScreen
What each party owes you (receivables) or you owe each party (payables), split by how overdue the open bills are, with CSV export.
- Profit & lossScreen
Income against expense for a range inside one fiscal year, with gross profit, net profit or loss, and CSV export.
- Balance sheetScreen
Assets against liabilities and equity as of a date, with the year's profit to date carried into equity and a check that the two sides agree.
- ConsolidatedScreen
One trial-balance-style view across every active set of books in your organization, matched by the organization's template ledgers or groups, with an optional project cut.
- Revenue policyScreen
The CA's effective-dated choices on how the books recognise sale revenue and the costs that go with it: framework, method, possession trigger, OC rule, cost treatments and judgement areas.
- Budget CostScreen
The project's (or a tower's) estimated total cost, effective-dated, that cost of sales shares across the saleable units and the cost method of over-time revenue recognition measures progress against.
- Revenue runsScreen
The revenue runs (period closes) of the chosen books, the dialog that prepares a new draft run, and the scheduled rules that draft runs automatically.
- Revenue runScreen
One period close: what each booking and member offer recognises, the journals and cost moves it posts, the subjects it left out, and the actions to recompute, post, reverse or delete it.
- Contract balancesScreen
The Ind AS 115 contract-balances disclosure per project over a period: contract liability, contract asset and contract acquisition costs rolled forward from the ledger, with the revenue recognised in the period and how much of it came out of the opening liability.
- Remaining obligationScreen
The Ind AS 115 disclosure of revenue still to come from what is already booked: each live booking and member offer's price less what the posted revenue runs have recognised, per project, banded by the financial year of the project's expected possession.
- Project performanceScreen
Revenue, cost of sales and margin per project for a period and to date, the booked price and how much of it is recognised, the cost budget against cost incurred and cost to complete, progress by stages and by cost, revenue by month, and the flags the CA needs to act on.
- Fiscal years, periods, locks, opening balances and the year-end closeConcept
Each set of books runs in fiscal years of twelve monthly periods; a voucher can post only into an open year and an unlocked period, opening balances carry each ledger's balance into a year, the year-end close moves income and expense into Profit & Loss Account by a closing journal and writes the next year's openings, and a monthly balance cache is kept as a cross-check.
- The chart of accounts: templates, books copies, nature and system rowsConcept
The organization keeps one master chart (group templates, ledger templates and default mappings) and every set of books holds its own copy of it; each group carries a nature (asset, liability, equity, income, expense) and a Direct flag that feeds gross profit, a few system rows are locked, codes are never reused, and the Consolidated report adds the books up by the template each ledger came from.
- Vouchers, reversals and system vouchersConcept
A voucher is the only way an amount enters the ledger: a dated header with balanced debit and credit lines, editable as a Draft, numbered and frozen when posted, corrected only by a mirrored reversal; demands, payments, commissions, benefit accruals, cancellations, revenue runs and the year-end close post their own system vouchers the same way.
- Numbers and series: documents, bookings, demands, payments and vouchersConcept
How NirmaanOne numbers what it creates: generated documents, bookings, demands, demand runs, payments, payout runs and revenue runs take a prefix, the Indian financial year and a five-digit serial (BK-2026-27-00007), while vouchers are numbered on posting from their voucher type's prefix, padded counter and suffix.
- Party ledgers, bill-wise tracking and ageingConcept
A party ledger is the bill-wise ledger a set of books keeps for one buyer, society member, channel partner or vendor, created on first use with a generated code; every posting on it is allocated as New Ref (opens a bill), Against Ref (settles one), Advance or On Account, so the books know what each bill still owes and how overdue it is.
- Books, the active books switcher and cost centresConcept
A set of books is the ledger of one promoter company: every posting for a project lands in its promoter's books, every accounting screen works on the one set chosen in the Books switcher, and cost centres inside the books (usually one per project with a child per tower) let the ledger and reports be cut by project.
- Revenue recognition: policy, point in time vs over time, and revenue runsConcept
Each set of books carries an effective-dated revenue policy (framework, method, possession trigger, cost and brokerage treatments, judgement areas) chosen by the CA; a revenue run is the period close that computes every booking's and member offer's progress under it, recognises the catch-up revenue, cost of sales and brokerage, and posts the journals.
- Contract liability, contract asset and the transaction priceConcept
A booking's transaction price is the sum of its charges treated "With the unit"; while revenue is deferred, demands for those charges are credited to a contract liability (billed ahead of revenue), a revenue run debits it as revenue is recognised, and revenue recognised ahead of billing sits in the contract asset.
- Cost of sales, cost budgets and inventory transferConcept
Each revenue run moves the period's construction, rehab and borrowing cost from the expense ledgers into work-in-progress and land inventory, then charges every booking a share of the project's cost (its budget, else the cost inventoried so far) in step with its revenue progress, so revenue and its cost land in the same period.
- Contract acquisition costs (capitalised brokerage)Concept
Under a revenue policy that capitalises the costs of obtaining a contract, an approved channel-partner commission is parked in Contract Acquisition Costs instead of brokerage expense and released to expense by each revenue run in step with the booking's revenue; possession expected within the practical-expedient months expenses it at once.
- Significant financing componentConcept
An Ind AS 115 judgement: when buyers pay well ahead of possession the developer is effectively borrowing from them, so each revenue run accrues notional interest on every cleared receipt at the policy's rate, books it as interest expense against the contract liability, and adds it to the unit's price so it is recognised as revenue with the unit.
- Rehab units as non-cash considerationConcept
In a redevelopment the flats handed to society members are the price paid for the development rights; with the policy toggle on, the fair value of those rights is booked as land against a contract liability on the agreement date, and each member's offer earns its entitled-area share of that value as revenue when its allotted units are handed over.